Historical Overview of Pastoral Care Allied Health Group Conferences

Initial Name: Chaplain’s Section of the Newfoundland Hospital Association (NHA) had its inception in Corner Brook in 1981. Dr. Harry Watts promoted the idea of support for chaplains in health care. At that time, the Rev’d. Kirby Walsh, Anglican Chaplain, who functioned also as a Director of Pastoral Care at Western Memorial Hospital, along with the Rev’d. Gordon White at the Janeway Hospital in St. John’s, Major Bramwell Foote at the Salvation Army Grace General Hospital in St. John’s and Sister Carmelita Power of St. Clare’s Mercy Hospital in St. John’s got together to organize the Chaplain’s Section.

Second Name: In 1983, the Chaplain’s Section was expanded to include community clergy, Clinical Pastoral Education students, Pastoral Care Associates and volunteers. The new name chosen was: The Pastoral Care Section of the Newfoundland Hospital and Nursing Homes Association (NHNHA). 

Third Name: Soon other disciplines recognized the importance of spiritual care in health and became members of the Pastoral Care Section. In 1994 the name was then changed to The Pastoral Care Allied Health Group of the Newfoundland and Labrador Health Boards Association (NLHBA).

Constitution
Original 1982
Revised: September 1990; March 1995; October 1997; May 2000; October 2000; October 2004

Guidelines for Hospital Chaplaincy Work
1979	First ever brief prepared by the Pastoral Care Committee of Western Memorial Hospital, Corner Brook and presented by Rev. Kirby Walsh in person to the Provincial Cabinet in session in Corner Brook, March 1979. The brief was a request for funding for a Director of Pastoral Care at Western Memorial Hospital, presented on behalf of the Humber Valley Ministerial Association and the Pastoral Care Committee. (Note, the Humber Valley Ministerial is now known as the Bay of Islands Ministerial Association, effective 10 May 1982).

 Provincial Standards of Practice for Pastoral/Spiritual Care in Health 
Approved: September 1995; Updated October1997; May 2000; January 2001. (Combined with Membership Handbook 2002)

Membership Handbook
Approved: September 1995
Updated: October 1997, May 2000, January 2001, (Goals & Objectives and Provincial Standards revised and approved September 2008)

Provincial Directory of Pastoral Care Workers 
 2004	 Developed by Rev’d. Dr. Curt Clark, Provincial Coordinator for Pastoral/Spiritual Care

Chairpersons:
1982 – 1983	Rev’d. Kirby Walsh
1983 – 1984	Rev’d. Ralph Moores
1984 – 1985	Rev’d. Peter Barnes
1985 – 1987	Rev’d. William Bartlett
1987 – 1988	Rev’d. Everett Hobbs
1988 – 1989	The Rev’d Dr. Arthur Churchill
1989 – 1991	Dr. Rick Singleton
1991 – 1993	Pastor Fred Stacey
1993 – 1994	Major Marguerite Ward
1994 – 1997	Sister Diane Smyth
1997 – 1999	Don Brett
1999 – 1999	Rev’d. John Nicolle (interim March – October)
1999 –	 2003	Rev’d Darroch Fagan
2003 - 	2007	Rev’d Florence Sanna
2007 - 		Rev. Ed Keeping

Provincial Coordinator for Pastoral/Spiritual Care
September 3rd, 1996–March 31st, 2003: The Rev. Wm. Bartlett, First Provincial Coordinator for Pastoral/Spiritual Care in Health Newfoundland and Labrador Health Boards Association (NLHBA) and the Department of Health and Community Services cost-shared with Regional Institutional and Health Boards. 

In 2000 the NLHBA made Pastoral Care a part of its Core Services.

In March 2003, the NLHBA reversed its decision and Pastoral Care was moved back to a Non Core Service.

October 2004 – March 31st, 2006: The Rev. Dr. Curt Clark, Second Provincial Coordinator for Pastoral/Spiritual Care in Health (NLHBA)

March 31, 2006, the Newfoundland and Labrador Health Boards Association terminated the position.

Directors of Pastoral Care  
	Note: (In 1996 Health Care Corporation was created in St. John’s, {HCCSJ} and finally Eastern Health)

	St. Clair’s Mercy Hospital, St. John’s, NL
(Date unknown)	Sister Carmelita Power(?) was the first Director of Pastoral Care
(Date unknown) Sister M. St. Jude O’Grady was the second Director of Pastoral Care
(Date unknown) Sister Bernice Steele was the third Director of Pastoral Care
1990 - 	Sister Diane Smyth was the fourth Director of Pastoral Care 

	Grace General Hospital, St. John’s, NL
No information available at this time
198? – 199? Major Baxter Davis, was Director of Pastoral Care

	Janeway Children’s Hospital, St. John’s, NL
1974 - 1988 	Rev. Gordon White, first Director of Pastoral Care
1988 - 1996	Rick Singleton, second Director of Pastoral Care
1996 – 1998(?) Colleen Wells became Manager at the Janeway and General Hospital 

	Waterford Hospital, St. John’s, NL
1983 – 199?	Rev’d. Wm. Bartlett, became the first Director of Pastoral Care
1990 - 1996	Rev’d. Peter Barnes became the second Director of Pastoral Care
1996 – 1992	Position title changed from Director to Manager, held by Rev’d. Peter Barnes
2002		Susan Cummings became the third Manager for Pastoral Care 

	Health Sciences, General Hospital, St. John’s, NL 
1988 - 1992	Barry O’Keefe, the first Director of Pastoral Care 
1992 – 1996 	Rev’d. Wm. Bartlett was the second Director of Pastoral Care at the Health Sciences, 	Dr. L.A. Miller Centre & Caribou Veterans Pavilion
1996- 1998	Glenn Breen was Manager of Pastoral Care at the Health Sciences Centre
1996 - 		Dr. Rick Singleton, the second Director of Pastoral Care and later became the Regional 	Director of Pastoral Care and Ethics for Eastern Health in 1996 

	Western Memorial Regional Hospital, Corner Brook
1987 - 1988	Barry O’Keefe, the first Director of Pastoral Care at the Western Memorial Regional 	Hospital. Hired 2 February 1987, resigned 24 June 1988
1989 - 1991	Rev’d Grace McBride, the second Director of Pastoral Care at the Western Memorial 	Regional Hospital, Corner Brook
1992 - 2009	Pastor Fred Stacey, the third Director of Pastoral Care at Western Memorial Regional 		Hospital Corner Brook. In 1995, became the Regional Director of Pastoral Care for 		Western Health Care Corporation. In 2005, the position was made part-time Regional 		Manager for Pastoral Care Western Health. He retired 30 April 2009

	Captain Wm. Jackman Memorial Hospital, Labrador City
199(?)-1994	Major Marguerite Ward became the first Director of Pastoral Care
1998- 1999	Rene Alexander, half-time Regional Coordinator of Pastoral Care

	Central Regional Health Authority, Grand Falls-Windsor
2007- 2007	Rev. Tony Thompson, appointed first part-time Regional Manager for Pastoral Care 	Central Health, but had to take sick leave with a sudden reoccurrence of his health 	problems.

Canadian Association for Pastoral Practice and Education (CAPPE)
1997	January 29th – February 2nd first ever CAPPE Convention hosted by Newfoundland in St. John’s. Convention Coordinator, Mrs. Evelyn House-Dupuis, Special Projects, Newfoundland and Labrador Health and Community Association. Of the 246 registrants, 120 were from Newfoundland. Rev.’d Wm. Bartlett was Chair of the Steering Committee for the Convention.

1999- 2001	Rev’d. Wm. Bartlett, Chair of the Theological Education Committee.

2000	Rev’d. Peter Barnes, Chair of the Atlantic Regional Ethics Committee

Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE)
1983	The Rev’d. Dr. Arthur Churchill organized the first 400-hour CPE program at Western Memorial Regional Hospital, Corner Brook. Rev’d Dr. Arthur Churchill was the Provisional Teaching Supervisor under the supervision of Teaching Supervisor, The Rev. Dr. Earle McKnight. This Unit was through the Institute for Pastoral Training in Halifax and affiliated with Queen’s Theological College of St. John’s.

1984 	The Rev’d. Wm. Bartlett supervised the first CPE program at the Waterford Hospital, St. John’s. This Unit was through the Institute for Pastoral Training in Halifax and affiliated with Queen’s Theological College of St. John’s. CPE was offered continuously from 1984 to 2000, with the exception of 1990.

1990	The Rev’d. Dr. Arthur Churchill supervised two provisional teaching students at Western Memorial   Regional Hospital, the Rev’d. Peter Barnes and the Rev’d Grace McBride.

1992 –1993	The first extended Unit of CPE was offered at the Waterford Hospital, St. John’s.

1994	  The first CPE unit was offered at the Health Sciences and the Miller Centre, St. John’s.

1995 	The last CPE unit conducted by the Rev’d. Dr. Arthur Churchill at Western Memorial Regional Hospital, Corner Brook. Total of 12 Units conducted by Rev’d. Churchill at Western Memorial Regional Hospital Corner Brook.

1998 	The first CPE unit in Corner Brook (WMRH) was contracted to the Rev’d. Dirk Evans.

1998	Rev. Wm Bartlett Teaching Supervisor for Unit at the Health Sciences, St. John’s.

1999 	The first CPE unit conducted at Dr. G. B. Cross Memorial Hospital, Clarenville, with Teaching Supervisor, the Rev’d. Wm Bartlett. The Bonavista Peninsula Health Centre and Golden Heights Manor also participated. The first in the history of CPE units conducted outside of St. John’s or Corner Brook.

1999 	September – August 2000, the first Residency Program in CPE supervised by the Rev’d. Dr. Peter Barnes and the Rev’d. Bob O’Brien, at the Health Sciences, St. John’s. Also participating sites were the Waterford Hospital and the Dr. Leonard A. Miller Centre. Six students completed three Units and four students completed six Units of the Program.

2000 	The first CPE unit conducted at the Carbonear General Hospital with Teaching Supervisor, Rev’d. Wm Bartlett.

2001 	The first CPE unit conducted at the Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre, Carmelite House and the Dr. Hugh Twomey Health Centre (Botwood) with Teaching Supervisor, Rev’d. Wm Bartlett

2001	CPE Unit Teaching Supervisor Rev’d Bob O’Brien site Dr. Leonard A. Miller Centre and at St. Clair’s Mercy Hospital. Teaching Supervisor, the Rev’d. Dr. Peter Barnes site Mental Health, Waterford Hospital.

2002 	CPE unit at the Waterford Hospital, St. John’s. Teaching Supervisor, Rev’d. Wm. Bartlett.

2003 	CPE unit at the Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s, Teaching Supervisor, Rev’d. Floyd Green.

2003 	The first CPE unit conducted in the James Peyton Memorial Hospital and Lakeside Homes, Gander with contracted Teaching Supervisor, the Rev’d Father Colin MacKinnon.

2004 	The first CPE unit conducted the Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre at Grand Falls-Windsor, contracted with Teaching Supervisor, Rev’d. Colin MacKinnon.

2005 	CPE conducted at Carbonear General Hospital in Carbonear contracted with Teaching Supervisor, Rev’d. Colin MacKinnon.

2006 	CPE conducted at Western Memorial Regional Hospital, Corner Brook, contracted with Teaching Supervisor Rev’d Colin MacKinnon 

2007	CPE conducted at Carbonear General Hospital in Carbonear contracted with Provisional Teaching Supervisor, Rev. Tony Thompson, under the supervision of Rev. Colin MacKinnon, Teaching Supervisor.

2008	CPE conducted at Central Newfoundland Regional Hospital in Grand Falls-Windsor contracted with Provisional Teaching Supervisor, Dr. Penney Alderdice, under the supervision of Rev. Colin MacKinnon Teaching Supervisor.

2009	CPE Spring Basic Unit conducted at Dr. G. B. Cross Memorial Hospital, Clarenville with Teaching Supervisor

Achievements of Members
1983	The Rev’d. Dr. Arthur Churchill became the first CAPPE Teaching Supervisor.

1984	The Rev’d Wm Bartlett became a CAPPE Teaching Supervisor and was hired at the Waterford Hospital as Director of Pastoral Care.

1985	The Rev’d Peter Barnes was accredited CAPPE Specialist in Institutional Ministry in Newfoundland.

1990	The Rev’d. Peter Barnes, accredited a CAPPE Provisional Teaching Supervisor.

1991- 1997	The Rev’d Wm. Bartlett, a member of the Development Commission of CAPPE

2003	Sister Betty Morrissey, accredited CAPPE Specialist in Institutional Ministry.

200?	Sister Phyllis Corbett, RSM, accredited CAPPE Specialist in Institutional Ministry.

2003	Dr. Penny Alderdice, Board Certified Chaplain with the Association of Professional Chaplains in the United States

2003	Rev’d Fred Stacey, Certificate endorsing him as Multi-culture chaplain with the Ontario Multifaith Council (five year endorsement) 

2005	Rev’d. Dr. Peter Barnes, Certified Canadian Counselor.

2008	Rev. Fred Stacey, received the first life time Honorary Membership with the Pastoral Care Allied Health Group. 

Pastoral/Spiritual Care Workload Measurements Management Information Systems
1995	Western Memorial Hospital Corner Brook adopted the computerized Pastoral Care System developed by Rev’d. Doug Wilson at the Kingston General Hospital Ontario. This captured patient specific data in Pastoral Care.

1997	A subcommittee met to work on the Provincial Pastoral Care MIS Project: Rev. Wm Bartlett, Rene Alexander, Anna St. Croix, Rick Singleton, Fred Stacey.

1998	The Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s Pastoral Care had worked through a good system with MIS guidelines, similar to the Pastoral Care System developed by Rev’d. Doug Wilson at the Kingston General Hospital Ontario.

1998 	May 22nd, The Terms of Reference for Provincial Pastoral/Spiritual Care MIS was adopted.

1999	A report Improving Care…. Through Improved Information was submitted with 19 recommendations. The Department of Health and Community Services, the Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Health Information accepted the report and the Pastoral Care Allied Health Group accepted the report in its AGM, October 1999 at Carbonear.

2000	The Terms of Reference revised.

2001	The first Pastoral Care Workload Measurement reporting form was developed and piloted in Western Memorial, Burin and Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s.

2001	The Provincial Pastoral/Spiritual Care MIS was expanded to include Regional Representatives of the Pastoral Care Allied Health Group

2003 	Workload Measurement and Reporting Quick Reference Guide for PASTORAL CARE SERVICES, based on the 2003 MIS Guidelines published by the Canadian Institute for Health Information, Ottawa was compiled by the Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Health Information

2004	Terms of Reference along with Workload Measurement System Reference Guide for Pastoral/Spiritual Care revised.

2005	Workload Measurement reporting form revised.

2005	Newfoundland and Labrador Health Boards Association assisted in developing an EXCELL computerized data collection system for Pastoral/Spiritual Care MIS.

2007 	May 27 – June 9 first provincial scale MIS data collection in Pastoral Care

2008    Handbook revised

2009    Revised Handbook placed on NLHBA website

Newsletter
2000	 	“The Connector”
2004 	Name changed to “Connecting”

The Barry O’Keefe Memorial Candle  (to be completed)
1987	Barry O’Keefe, the first Director of Pastoral Care at the Western Memorial Regional Hospital, Corner Brook. Hired 2 February 1987.

1988	Barry O’Keefe, the first Director of Pastoral Care at the Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s.

Award of Appreciation
The Reverend Dr. Peter Barnes 2001
The Reverend Dr. Arthur Churchill 2002 (Posthumously)
Major Marcella Hopkins 2003
The Reverend Wm Bartlett 2004
Sister Diane Smyth 2005
Eleanor Ash 2006
Rev.   Fred Stacey 2007
Rev. Florence Sanna 2008

Meetings
1984	The first teleconferences were started, initiated by Rev’d. Peter Barnes. This was critical for regional representatives to participate in discussion of the development and growth of the organization.

Monthly teleconferences, one for the Executive and Regional Representatives, one for General Members Annual General Meeting & Fall Conference. 

Four educational teleconferences: November, February, April and June

Pastoral Care Committees
38 Pastoral Care Committees registered with the Pastoral Care Allied Health Group. 

Conferences

Year	Location	Theme	Presenters/Speaker(s)	
2009	Clarenville			
2008
October 6th -8th	Twillingate	The Challenge is Great in 2008	Session one: Caregiver Support with Margaret Manuel & Sandra Parmenter
Session two: Communities Supporting Families with Allison Scott & Theresa King
Session three: Mental Well-Being of Caregivers/Pastoral Care Providers with Desmond Coombs
Session four: Palliative Care Volunteer Visitor Program with Kim Osmond, Wanda Smith-Gillard, Kay Boyd and Irene Pardy 
Session six: Privacy Act/Confidentiality with Sean Bailey
Session seven: Panel, open forum for questions and discussion.
	
2007
October 1st – 3rd 	Health Sciences	Crisis, Challenge and Change	Learning to Suffer Well, Dr. Peter Fitch	
2006
October
2nd – 4th 	Pepsi Centre, Corner Brook	Together we can make it ~Imagining Community	Soul Care for Leaders: What about us? 
Rev. Dr. Peter Barnes
Exploring our Future: What next? 
Rev. Dr. Peter Barnes
Critical Incident and Stress Responses: 
Janet Peckford	
2005
October 11th –13th 	Gander, Hotel Gander	Facing Life’s Challenges	Facing the Future with Purpose:
 Geoff Eaton
Facing Disability: Rev. Stephanie McClellan
Facing Addictions: Rev. Dr. Curt Clark
Facing End of Life Issues: Dr. Bill Eaton
Facing the Past with Forgiveness: Anne Marie Hagan
Facing our Challenges as Caregivers: Dennis Manuel	
2004
October 27th –28th 	St. John’s Health Sciences Centre	Exploring Hope on Life’s Journey
	Public Session: John LeBlanc
Plenary Presentation: Knowing the Ground of Our Being: Sister Elizabeth Davis
Concurrent Workshops:  
Where There is Hope There is Life: Dr. Rick Singleton
Rays of Hope Through the Valley of Long Term Care: Rev. Stephen Flower
Panel: Hope: Linking Spirituality with Mental Health 
Plenary Session: 
Spiritual Leadership in Issues of Social Concern: Lloyd Wicks
Windjammer Panel of Conference Presenters Interact with Participants	
2003
October 19th –21st 	Clarenville, Hotel Clarenville	Peace of Mind & Spirit	Plenary Session:
 Primary Health Care Model
Journey of Alzheimer Disease: 
Shirley Lucas 
Dealing with Mental Health: John Collins;
Spiritual Care & Peace in a Chaotic world: Rev. Sandra Tilley; 
Stress Management: John Mahar & Wayne Green	
2002
October
27th –29th 	Stephenville Arts & Culture Centre	Valuing a Growing Spirit	Keynote address: Valuing a Growing Spirit: Barbara Lambe;
Communication Strategies – Do you hear what I hear?: Marie Brennan Downey
Body, Mind and Spirit-A Caring Concern: Jocelyn Rose & Florence Newman
Grief & Bereavement: Sister Regina Quigley
Mental Health Issues-Dispelling the Myths: Dr. Aamir Safdar	
2001
October
28th –30th 	St. John’s 
Wesley United Church Hall	Valuing Life’s Passages	Key Presenter: Use of Geneaogram Pastoral Tool, Dr. Martin Rovers; 
Making Sense of One’s Life: Rev. Dr. Peter Barnes; 
Five Stages of a Couples Journey: Dr. Rick Singleton; 
Over the Rainbow ~ New Horizons: Theresa Ryan;
Introduction to Narrative Therapy: Linda Moxley-Haegart	
2000
November
1st –3rd 

	Grand Falls United Church	Partnership in Pastoral Care	Keynote address, Partnership in Pastoral Care followed by panel Link between Pastoral Care and other disciplines: Rev. Dr. Jody Clarke;
Ethical Issues in Pastoral Care: Dr. Daryl Pullman
The Consumer Experience/Perspective of Pastoral Care: Ed Smith;
Practical Applications on Partnership: Des Coombs 	
1999
October 28th –29th 	Carbonear	Communications for better care	Active Listening Skills: Dr. Michael Doyle & MUN Counseling Services;
Communications and Pastoral Care: Board Trustee Marvin Ralph
Provincial Pastoral/Spiritual Care MIS Committee report: Fred Stacey	
1998
October 28th –29th  	Marystown/Burin	Transition and Change: Striking a Balance – Together We Can be Healthier	Keynote address, Transition and Change in the Health Care System: Allen Bradley;
Panel: Transition and Change in our Communities
The Pastoral/Spiritual Care Process: Dr. Rick Singleton;
Workload Measurements: Anne Vivian Beresford/Dr. Rick Singleton;
Maintaining Spirituality in Difficult Times: Dr. Virgina Jones	
1997
October
30th –31st 	Newtown	Reaching Out in Love/Communities in Crisis	Presenter: Dr. Tom Cantwell & Dr. Margaret Scott
Panel: Dr. M. Scott, Doris Kean RN; Sister Corona Wyse	
1996
October 17th –18th 	Botwood	Finding Hope in Times of Change	Keynote address: Finding Hope in Times of Change: Rev. Jan Kraus Executive Director of Canadian Association for Pastoral Practice and Education (CAPPE)
Panel: Local linked personal stories in context of theme	
1995
FALL	St. John’s St. Pat Nursing Home	Spirituality in Hard, Hard Times	Key facilitator: Spirituality in Hard, Hard Times: Rev. Donavan Brown 	
1995
May 12th 	Corner Brook	Spiritual Assessments	Using Spiritual Assessment Tools: Dr. Elizabeth McSherry 	
1994
October 21st –22nd 	Grand Falls 
St. Catherine’s Renewal Centre	Building Bridges	Presenter: Mary L. (Bunny) Stewart
AGM of the Pastoral Care Allied Health Group of the Newfoundland Hospital and Nursing Home Association	
1994
May 12th 	Littledale, St. John’s	Caregivers in Uncertain Times	Presenter: Kelly Walker	
1993
October 15th 	Grand Falls 
St. Catherine’s Renewal Centre	Stressed Caregivers	Presenter: Beth Davis
AGM of the Pastoral Care Section	
1993
May 28th 	Corner Brook 
St. Jerome’s Restaurant Education Day	Continuous Quality Assurance, Spiritual Assessments, Team Building	Presenter: Major Rene Alexander
Annual Spring workshop of the Pastoral Care Section	
1992
October	Grand Falls 
St. Catherine’s Renewal Centre	Health Care in the 90’s – Pastoral Care Perspective	Presenter: Dr. Rick Singleton.
AGM of the Pastoral Care Section of the Newfoundland Hospital and Nursing Home Association.  	
1991
October 22nd 	Grand Falls
St. Catherine’s Renewal Centre	Ethical Principles and Pastoral Care	Presenter: Dr. Michael Langford
AGM of the Pastoral Care Section of the Newfoundland Hospital and Nursing Home Association.  	
1990
FALL	Gander Holiday Inn		Presenter: Lucy Dobbin The Ministry of Ordained and Lay People in Pastoral Care 
Presenter: Kay Bradbrook CAPPE 	
1990
May 1st 	Grand Falls	“Support Groups”	Pastoral Care Section Spring Meeting	
1989
October 31st 	Corner Brook
WMRH 		AGM of the Pastoral Care Section 
Presenters: Rev. Grace McBride and Dr. Tom Daniels. (I believe Grace presented on The Pastor as a Diagnostician and Tom presented on Listening and Communication)	
1989
May 5th 	Grand Falls St. Catherine’s Renewal Centre		Spring Workshop	
1988
October 16th 	Gander Holiday Inn		AGM of the Pastoral Care Section (This one I remember attending and we had one presenter talking about laughter and clown ministry to hospitals, especially children’s hospitals)	
1988
May 5th 	Grand Falls
Mount Peyton Hotel	Workshop: Pastoral Care to the Psychiatric Patient 		
1987
October 20th 	St. Clare’s Mercy Hospital St. John’s		Fall AGM and Counseling workshop. Chaplain’s Section of Newfoundland Hospital and Nursing Home Association. 
Speaker: Delores D’Amour, President of C.A.P.E.	
1987
SPRING
May 5th 	Grand Falls
Mount Peyton Hotel		(If I can remember correctly, the Spring Pastoral Care Day was on Palliative Care with Dr. Margaret Scott. I am not sure if this was one of the PCAHG day event or the Newfoundland and Labrador Palliative Care event or a combined one with both organizations)	
1986
October 31st 	Waterford Hospital
(Co-sponsored by Newfoundland Hospital Association and St. John’s hospitals)			
1985				
1984				
1983				
1982			First Constitution Adopted	
1981			Denominational chaplains first met for support	

Draft 5 9 Oct 08